The built environment consumes enormous quantities of resources and produces equally enormous amounts of waste. Yet circularity is still often reduced to recycling percentages or the use of products containing recycled material. The reality is a lot more complicated.

A material can be recycled while losing much of its quality. A product can appear environmentally responsible while containing substances that are difficult to identify. A building can be saved from demolition without responding meaningfully to the people or community around it.

Circularity asks us to look more carefully at what already exists, such as the structure of a building, the composition of a product, the history of a material and the future uses that a design leaves open.

For biophilic design, a meaningful relationship with nature cannot begin and end with plants, timber finishes or views of greenery. It must also include the systems behind a space. We must ask ourselves where materials come from, what they contain, how long they can remain useful and what will happen when the needs of the building change.